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According to Borkenau, the Nazi dictatorship was a powerful revolutionary mass-dictatorship based on propaganda and terror,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] which to maintain itself and the associated Wehrwirtschaft (Defence Economy) required a policy of endless expansion in all directions.[6] In Borkenau's opinion, these powerful internal forces driving German foreign policy meant Nazi Germany could only aim at world conquest because without expansionism in all directions, the German dictatorship would collapse onto itself.[6]
Borkenau’s portrayal of Nazi foreign policy being driven by powerful internal forces into a limitless expansionism was to strikingly configure the arguments made by German foreign policy by functionalist historians like Hans Mommsen and Martin Broszat, who similarly contended that Nazi foreign policy had no plans, but was rather “expansionism without objective” pushed by internal forces. However, Borkenau's work differed from the functionalists in that he maintained that the Nazi regime was a tightly organized totalitarian dictatorship.[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] During World War II, Borkenau lived in London, and worked as a writer for Cyril Connolly's journal Horizon.
In 1947, Borkenau returned to Germany to work as a professor at the University of Marburg. In June 1950, Borkenau attended the conference in Berlin together with other anti-Communist intellectuals such as Hugh Trevor-Roper,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Ignazio Silone, Raymond Aron, Arthur Koestler, Sidney Hook and Melvin J. Lasky that led to the founding of the Congress for Cultural Freedom. At the conference, Borkenau delivered the keynote speech, where he spoke of the "meaninglessness" of the conflict between capitalism and socialism in a time of "ebbing revolution", and where the only conflict that mattered in the world was the one between Communism and democracy.[7]Left-wing crypto-communist intellectuals such as Cedric Belfrage, noting that Hitler often denounced Communism in Berlin, just as Borkenau did, compared his speech to the Nuremberg rallies, and went on to accuse Borkenau of being an sort of neo-Nazi.[8]
Borkenau was very active in the Congress, and was often attacked by Marxist intellectuals such as Isaac Deutscher for his fierce anti-Communism. In turn, Borkenau was often critical of Deutscher's work. In 1949,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] Borkenau in a newspaper article attacked Deutscher for endorsing in his biography of Stalin the official Soviet version that Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky together with the rest of the Red Army high command had been plotting a coup in collaboration with the intelligence services of Germany and Japan, thus justifying Stalin’s “liquidation" of the Red Army leadership in 1937.